TED学院|西班牙语是小语种吗。
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演说标题：A brief history of Spanish
Beginning in the 3rd century, before the coming era, the Romans conquered the Iberian Peninsula. This period gave rise to several regional languages in the area that's now Spain, including Castilian, Catalan and Galician. One of these would become Spanish— but not for another 1,500 years. Those years tell the origin story of what’s become a global modern language.
从公元前3世纪起，古罗马人霸占了伊比利亚半岛。如今是西班牙的这个地域在这一时期发生了几种地域性语言，包含卡斯蒂利亚语、加泰罗尼亚语和加利西亚语。此中的一种后来酿成了西班牙语，然则是在1500年以后了。这些年讲述了一门已经成为环球当代语言的来源故事。
During the Roman occupation, colloquial spoken Latin, often called “Vulgar Latin,” mixed with Indigenous languages. Approximately 75% of modern Spanish comes from Latin, including syntactic rules. For instance, verbs are conjugated in a similar way as in Latin. And like other Roman languages, nouns have gender: el sol, the sun, is masculine, whereas la luna, the moon, is feminine.
在罗马霸占时期，拉丁语白话，通常称为“粗鄙拉丁语”。与原居民的语言混在了一路。当代的西班牙语约有75%来自于拉丁语，包含句律例则。好比，西班牙语动词的变位方式与拉丁语类似。并且和其他罗马语言一样，名词也分性别：elsol，太阳，是阳性的。而laluna，玉轮，则是阴性的。
After the Roman Empire collapsed, a series of other powers conquered the region. First came the Visigoths starting in the 5th century of the common era. They spoke an eastern Germanic language that would eventually become part of German and lent a few words to the language that would become Spanish. Then the Umayyad Caliphate ousted the Visigoths. They spoke Arabic, which left a strong mark on modern Spanish: over a thousand words come from Arabic. These often have a starting “a” or “z” sound, and sometimes include an “h.”
在罗马帝国崩溃之后，其他的一些权势霸占了此地域。先是公元5世纪的西哥特人，他们讲一种东部的日耳曼语言，后来酿成德语的一部门，并为后来成为西班牙语的语言提供了一些单词。后来，倭马亚哈里发赶走了西哥特人。他们讲阿拉伯语，并在当代西班牙语中留下了壮大的影响：跨越一千个单词来自阿拉伯语。这些词多半以“a”或者“z”的发音开首，有时包含“h”的发音。
In 1492, the Catholic Church consolidated its power through two monarchs, Isabella and Ferdinand, expelling Muslims and Jews, combining the distinct regional kingdoms into one nation, and adopting one of the local languages as the official state language. That language was Castellano, or Castilian, from the Kingdom of Castile, which was centrally located in Spain and home to Madrid. Thereafter Castellano became Español, or Spanish.
1492年，上帝教会经由过程两个君主伊莎贝拉和费迪南德巩固了权利。他们经由过程驱逐穆斯林和犹太人，将分歧地域性王国归并为一个国度，并采纳了本地的一门语言作为国度的官方语言。这种语言是来自于卡斯蒂利亚王国的卡斯蒂利亚语，它位于西班牙的中心地位，是马德里的地点地。卡斯蒂利亚语之后成为了班牙语（Español），也称西班牙语（Spanish）。
But the Spanish of 1492 was Old Spanish, very different from Spanish today. That same year, Christopher Columbus sailed across the Atlantic Ocean, marking the start of the Spanish conquest of the Americas. The Indigenous population of the Americas spoke an estimated 2,000 different languages.
但1492年的西班牙人是旧西班牙人，与今日的西班牙人异常分歧。同年，克里斯托弗-哥伦布（ChristopherColumbus）横跨年夜泰西，标记着西班牙对美洲驯服的开端。美洲的原居民们讲年夜约2000种分歧的语言。
Over the next few decades, most of them were forced to adopt Spanish at the expense of their own languages. Still, words from Indigenous languages became part of Spanish. From Nahuatl, the language of the Aztec Empire, came words with “ch” and “y” like “chapulin” and “coyote.”
在接下来的数十年里，年夜部门的原居民被迫废弃本身的语言，进修西班牙语。然则来自原居民的单词照样成为了西班牙语的一部门。阿兹特克帝国的语言纳瓦特尔语提供了带有“ch”和“y”的词，如“chapulin”和“coyote”。
From Quechua, a language spoken in the Peruvian Andes, came words with “ch” like “cancha,” “chullo,” and “poncho.” Some of these words describe things that hadn’t existed in the Spanish lexicon before, while others replaced existing Spanish words even in Spain.
秘鲁安第斯山脉的一种语言克丘亚语提供了带有“ch”的词，如“cancha”、“chullo”和“poncho”。这些词描写了一些之前不存在于西班牙语辞书里的事物，另一些词替换了现存的西班牙单词，纵然是在西班牙也是如斯。
By the time Miguel de Cervantes published the first part of “Don Quixote” in 1605, the language was arguably more similar to modern Spanish than plays of one of his contemporaries, William Shakespeare, were to modern English. Starting in the 18th century, French language and culture were extremely fashionable in Spain, and later Hispanic America. While the two languages already had commonalities from their shared roots in Latin, Spanish gained new words from French during this period.
米格尔-德-塞万提斯在1605年出书《堂吉诃德》第一部门时，其语言与当代西班牙语的类似水平跨越了其同期间威廉-莎士比亚的戏剧与当代英语的类似水平。从18世纪开端，法国语言和文化在西班牙很流行，以及在后来的西班牙裔美国人中。固然这两种语言已经有拉丁语根的配合点，但西班牙语在这一时期从法语中得到了新的单词。
In the 19th century, all over Central and South America, people revolted to gain independence from Spain. In the newly sovereign nations, people continued to speak the language of their former oppressors. Today, there are approximately 415 million inhabitants of Hispanic America. Spanish is the official language of 21 countries and Puerto Rico. As of 2021, only English, Mandarin, and Hindi have more speakers.
19世纪，中美洲和南美洲各地的人们对抗西班牙，从而得到自力。在这个新的主权国度，人们继续讲着他们以往榨取者的语言，时至今日，年夜约有4.15亿西班牙裔美国住民。西班牙语是21个国度和波多黎各的官方语言。在2021年，只有英语、通俗话和印地语比西班牙语有更多的使用者。
How does a language with so many speakers around the world not break apart into new languages the way Vulgar Latin did? There's no easy answer to this question. Other languages that spread through colonialism, like French, have mixed with Indigenous languages to form entirely new ones.
一种在全天下有这么多使用者的语言，为何没有像粗鄙拉丁语那样决裂成新的语言。这个问题没有简单的谜底。其他语言流传于殖平易近主义，好比法语，和原居民的语言交融酿成一门新的语言。
Some would argue that Spanglish, a mixture of Spanish and English, is a distinct language or on its way to becoming one. But although a person in Buenos Aires occasionally might use words that aren’t fully intelligible to someone in Bogotá or Mexico City, Spanish retains enough unity of syntax, grammar, and vocabulary to remain one language.
一些人以为西班牙英语（西班牙语和英语的混合）是一门零丁的语言，或是在逐步酿成如许。只管布宜诺斯艾利斯的人偶然可能会使用一些对波哥年夜或墨西哥城的人来说并不完万能懂得的单词。西班牙语在句法、语法和单词方面保存了足够的同一性来继续作为一门语言。
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